Ardalan Ladan - Graduate student, the Department of English Language, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran
Shiva Sadighi - Associate Professor, the Department of English Language, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran

In order for a classical foreign language drama to be performed in the target country, it is necessary that a suitable translation be brought to the stage. In this way, the audience of this performance can communicate with it and understand everything they want to read in the physical version of the play. This research indicates that the translation of a drama on pages is different from the translation of that drama on stage. Despite these differences, a play the size of Macbeth can be performed on stage. For this reason, the present study was conducted to investigate the differences between the translation on pages and on stage of Macbeth, the result of which can help to improve the quality of translation on stage of a play. In this study, the researcher compares the translated text of Macbeth with its translation on stage. This comparison is based on the framework introduced by Kowzan (۱۹۶۸). Kowzan introduced ۱۳ theatrical systems and then divided them into ۵ categories. By comparing the translation on pages and on stage of Macbeth, according to Kowzan's theatrical systems, differences were found between the two translations in these five categories (Spoken Text, Expression of the body, Stage Appearance, Actor External Appearance and Inarticulate Sound). The researcher has clearly explained these differences, along with the reason for their occurrence in this research. Finally, the frequency of each of the categories was plotted in a pie chart using the SPSS program. After this calculation, it was found that the "spoken text" category had the highest number of differences between the translation on pages and stage by ۴۲% percent. The reason for the high percentage of differences in this category is that spoken text deals with the translated text more than other categories. This research attempts to improve the translation quality of plays, strengthen the actor's relationship with the text, and familiarize students studying language translation and professors with the translation of a play, a translation that could be performed on the theater stage.

drama translation, translation on pages and stage, Theatrical Systems of Kowzan