Shahin Mohammadzadeh - Master of Electrical Power Engineering, PowerSystem Orientation, Faculty of Engineering, BonabUniversity, Tabriz, Iran
Negin Moayyed - Master of Electrical Power Engineering, PowerSystem Orientation, Faculty of Engineering, BonabUniversity, Tabriz, Iran

An electric vehicle (EV) is an automotive vehicle that uses one or more electric motorsfor propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity fromextravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimescharged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or agenerator). EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface andunderwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft. This study summarizes acritical review on EVs’ optimal charging and scheduling under dynamic pricingschemes. A detailed comparison of these schemes, namely, Real Time Pricing (RTP),Time of Use (ToU), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), and Peak Time Rebates (PTR), ispresented. Globally, the intention is to reduce the carbon emissions (CO۲) hasmotivated the extensive practice of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The uncoordinatedcharging and uncontrolled integration however of EVs to the distribution networkdeteriorates the system performance in terms of power quality issues. Therefore, theEVs’ charging activity can be coordinated by dynamic electricity pricing, which caninfluence the charging activities of the EVs customers by offering flexible pricing atdifferent demands. Recently, with developments in technology and control schemes,the RTP scheme offers more promise compared to the other types of tariff because ofthe greater flexibility for EVs’ customers to adjust their demands. It however involveshigher degree of billing instability, which may influence the customer’s confidence. Inaddition, the RTP scheme needs a robust intelligent automation system to improve thecustomer’s feedback to time varying prices. In addition, the review covers the mainoptimization methods employed in a dynamic pricing environment to achieveobjectives such as power loss and electricity cost minimization, peak load reduction,voltage regulation, distribution infrastructure overloading minimization, etc.

electric vehicle; distribution network; scheduled charging; optimaloperation; dynamic pricing; power grid.