Najmeh Yazdanfar - Iranian Institute of R;D in Chemical Industries (IRDCI) (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
Sara Mohamadi - Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-kord University, Shahre-kord, Iran
Tayebeh Zienali - Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Parisa Sadighara - Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

 Background: Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) is a relevant ornamental and medicinal flower, whose distillation is known as Golab (Rosewater) in Iran. Due to the nature of the distillation process, methanol and ethanol are likely to be formed in the final product. Therefore, due to their toxicity, along with their frequent prescription, this study aims to investigate the concentrations of essential oil, methanol, and ethanol in commonly used brands of Rosewater available in Tehran, Iran. Methods: Methanol and ethanol concentrations were determined by gas chromatography, using a Flame Ionized Detector. Results: The mean essence level in the tested samples was ۲۰۴.۱ ± ۱۸.۰ ppm, which was significantly higher (P < ۰.۰۰۱) than the Iranian standard level. The mean methanol and ethanol levels in the tested samples were ۱.۲۵ ± ۰.۷۰ ppm and ۷۰۰.۰ ± ۱۰۰.۰ ppm, respectively, which were significantly lower than the maximum residues levels. Conclusion: The mean essence level in the tested samples well coped with the Iranian standard level. Moreover, there is no health risk to methanol and ethanol through Rosewater consumption

Rosewater, Essence, Methanol, Ethanol, Gas chromatography