Bahador Bagheri - Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Mohammad Torabi - Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Hossein A.S. Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sara Salarian - Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medcial Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is considered a major cause of death in the world. ARDS is defined by life-threatening pulmonary edema and hypoxemia with a mortality rate of up to ۴۰%. Recent advances in understating cellular aspects of the syndrome have shed light on possible new treatments and reduction of mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in adaptive and innate immunity. They are present in the alveoli and their activation can lead to inflammatory responses and finally acute lung injury. Among them, Toll-like receptor ۴ (TLR۴) is abundantly available on the epithelial cells of the alveoli and also on resident monocytes. TLR۴ is one of the players that can promote alveolar damages during ARDS. Here, we focus on the TLR۴ role in ARDS pathophysiology. We also present the potential therapies for the syndrome based on TLR۴ inhibition.

ARDS, Toll-like Receptor ۴, Infection