Fahimeh Teimouri - Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Mohammad Mehdi Amin - Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Mohsen Sadani - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Bijan Bina - Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Hossein Khanahmad - Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Introduction: Xenobiotic contamination is a global concern. Nitroaromatic compounds enter the environment through ammunition, ordnance disposal, burning the outdoors, and leakage of ammunition. Thirty percent of explosives enter the environment without any change, which can cause pollution of soil, water, and health concerns. So, effective remediation of the contaminated area is necessary. Materials and Methods: Soil bioreactors consisted of plastic pans placed in larger pans. Explosives were analyzed using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, Model ۴۸۶ UV detector, and a Nova Pak C۱۸ guard column. LC-MS detected intermediates on an RP۱۸ analytical column equipped with a C۱۸ guard column. Results: Rhamnolipid significantly affected ۲,۴,۶-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) biodegradation rates with the help of indigenous bioaugmentation. The mentioned condition was also effective on the maximum bacterial growth in various nitroaromatics (S۰) concentrations, in which the top change occurred. The specific growth rate was foremost in a setup containing microbial inoculated and biosurfactant (۰.۱۹) responding to ۸۰۰ mg/kg TNT and ۱۵۰ mg/kg PETN. The maximum bacterial enumeration of sludge and biosurfactant were ۴.۸ × ۱۰۸ and ۴.۱ × ۱۰۸ CFU/g, respectively. The aerobic-anaerobic sequence could be able to produce less harmful metabolites. In an aerobic-anaerobic sequence process, using the anaerobic process could help complete the azo compounds degradation in the aerobic stage. Conclusion: Aerobic-anaerobic condition is suitable for bioremediation contaminated explosive sites and achieving complete mineralization. Generally, this proposed method is possible for in situ bioremediation.

Biodegradation, Environmental, Bioremediation, Explosive Agents, Xenobiotics.