Zahra Akhondi - Faculty of Medical Engineering, Non-profit University of Abrar, Tehran
Saeid Shakeri - Faculty of Medical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran

Damaged cartilage has a limited ability to repair itself due to the absence of blood vessels and nerve endings in the tissue. Traditional treatments for repairing damaged cartilage include alloplastic and allogeneic implants and, more recently, autologous cartilage grafting. The first treatments are limited due to the availability of donor tissue and the complications of the donor area, while the second treatment requires surgical removal of healthy cartilage and is limited by the size of the defect. As a result, the regeneration of cartilage tissues remains one of the most important challenges in medicine. It is a reconstruction that requires abundant cell sources and ۳D scaffolds in the form of synthetic or natural polymer patterns, with a predetermined architecture for long-term implantation in the body's natural tissue.D-MAPS۳ facilitates the bottom-up assembly of large-scale produced tissues in the form of ۳D printed hollow polymer templates. The assembly and fusion of micro-tissues based on stem cells in the defined pattern of D۳ printing, and as a result, a centimeter-sized tissue with high cell durability and mechanical stability is performed in laboratory conditions.

Biomaterials, synthetic and natural polymers, tissue regeneration, cartilage, bio-۳Dprinting