Hadis Gholipour - Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Fatemeh Sadat Amjadi - Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development unit (SHACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Zahra Zandieh - Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development unit (SHACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mehdi Mehdizadeh - Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran & Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Marziyeh Ajdary - Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ali Akbar Delbandi - Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran & Immunology Research Center, Immunology and Infectious Disease Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Azadeh Akbari Sene - Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development unit (SHACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Reza Aflatoonian* - Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
Mehrdad Bakhtiyari - Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

Background: Seminal plasma exosomes are now recognized to play a complex role in the regulation of the female reproductive system infertility. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of exosomes derived from the sperm of men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia on endometrial implantation-related genes. Methods: To isolate the exosomes, we employed an ultracentrifugation method on samples derived from ۱۰ fertile men with normal sperm parameters and ۱۰ men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. The size distribution and ultrastructure of the exosomes were then characterized using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. We detected an exosome marker using western blot analysis and confirmed the cytoplasmic localization of the exosomes by incubating them with DiI dye and visualizing them using fluorescence microscopy. After ۶ hours of in vitro treatment of endometrial epithelial cells with ۱۰۰ µg/ml seminal exosome, the endometrial receptivity genes were examined using qRT-PCR. To perform data analysis and quantification, we utilized Image J and Prism software. P< ۰.۰۵ were considered statistically significant. Results: After ۶ hours of treatment, the mRNA levels of MUC۱, LIF, G-CSF, CX۳CL۱, and VEGF were significantly downregulated in the endometrial epithelial cells treated with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia exosomes compared to the normal group. Although changes were observed in the mean mRNA levels of IL۸ and TGF-ß genes in the oligoasthenoteratozoospermia group compared to the normal group, these differences did not reach statistical significance (p > ۰.۰۵). Conclusions: Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia exosomes have a distinct effect on endometrial receptivity compared to normal exosomes, leading to reduced expression of implantation-related genes.

Embryo implantation, Endometrium, Exosome, Semen, Infertility.