Nesma Mohammed Bahaa Eldeen - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Moataz Maher Kamel - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abbas Mohamed - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Samaa Samir Kamar - Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University & Histology Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
Laila Rashed - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Asmaa Mohammed ShamsEldeen - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Background: Melatonin, the controlling hormone of the sleep–wake cycle, has acquired attention due to its role in immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, as well as its proapoptotic effects. Wnt/β-catenin signaling can modulate cancer progression by promoting cell division and migration, while miR-let-۷b may inhibit cell growth, migration, and invasion by affecting the function of adaptive immune cells. This work was designed to detect the effect of using melatonin as an immunomodulating therapeutic approach to control the progression of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Thirty male rats were equally divided into control, HCC, and melatonin-HCC groups. Animals in the HCC and melatonin-HCC groups were injected with diethylnitrosamine (intraperitoneal single dose) followed by repeated carbon-tetrachloride subcutaneous injection once weekly for six weeks. Melatonin was given from the first week of the study and continued during the process of HCC induction. Results: In the HCC group, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Wnt/β-catenin expression significantly increased, while there was a downregulation of microRNA Let۷b. Melatonin administration reversed these changes, along with an increase in hepatic content of interleukin-۲ (IL-۲) and caspase-۳. Conclusions: Melatonin exerted hepatic immunomodulating changes, in addition to proapoptotic and antiangiogenic effects, illustrated by increased IL-۲, caspase-۳, and decreased VEGF levels, respectively. Moreover, the use of melatonin during hepatocarcinogenesis positively modulated the disrupted expression of microRNA let۷b and Wnt/β-catenin significantly.

Hepatocellular carcinoma, Melatonin, IL-۲, miRNA Let۷b, Wnt pathway, β-catenin.