ICT-based Urban Services: Smartphone s Changing the City Citizen R elationsh ip , Case : Tehran, Iran

The emergence of smart city paradigm following the ICT revolution is fundamentally reshaping citizens' relation with cities toward new intelligence experiences. In the Iranian context, the increasing use of ICT and the IoT devices have dramatically expanded and became a part of Iranian daily life. Furthermore, transforming citizens interaction with existing urban services can be a mean of indirect participation in urban policy-making. This paper studies the use of urban-related smartphone apps by Tehran citizens, using questionnaire and semi-structured surveys, in order to provide a better understanding of how these apps can be used to engage citizens in implementing smart city projects.