Ultrasound-Guided Paravertebral Block compare to the Intravenous Tramadol for Pain Control in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

< p>Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a standard treatment method for large choroidal stones with a shorter hospital stay than surgical procedures. After PCNL, a nephrostomy tube is placed for better discharge urine, prevent bleeding, and allow for further possible operations, which is can be the major cause of pain and discomfort for the patient. Paravertebral block (PVB) is a successful, non-complicating local anesthetic that is used in many surgical procedures to manage pain. It is suggested that the use of PVB in reducing pain after PCNL has had good results. In the previous study, the important problem of post-PCNL pain reduction has been properly managed by the PVB method and its high efficacy contrary to tramadol has been demonstrated. Evaluation of the PVB method is a good choice in this regard, but the question arises as to why Tramadol is selected as a method compared to PVB.