Methods to improve photocatalysts efficiency for the removal of pharmaceuticalcompounds from wastewater under visible light

Among the approaches for eliminating pharmaceutical chemicals from water, electrochemical advancedoxidation processes and heterogeneous photocatalysis have attracted considerable interest asalternative/complementary water treatment technologies in recent years. The most promising approach topollution removal from wastewater is the use of photocatalysts based on TiO۲. However, its practicalapplication is limited. For photocatalytic technologies to be feasible and economically viable in solvingenvironmental and energy challenges in the modern era, potential catalysts must be highly active whenexposed to visible light. This activity necessitates various enhancements to the semiconductor properties.Changing the TiO۲ surface to improve photocatalysts’ efficiency is essential to tackle this scientific andpractical difficulty, which we will discuss in detail in this article.