Preparation and characterization of ZSM-۵ zeolite with hierarchical porous structureusing carbon quantum dot as hard template: An efficient catalyst for biomassconversion

Synthesis of novel hierarchical ZSM-۵ zeolites by hydrothermal method using carbon quantum dots(CQDs) as hard templates is described. First of all, several biomass sources were used to preparation ofcarbon quantum dots with different sizes. Then, the prepared CQDs were utilized to preparation of varioushierarchical ZSM-۵ zeolites containing different sizes of mesopores. High surface area, high mesoporevolume, high acidity, regular morphology, and high degree of crystallization are the characteristics of theprepared hierarchical zeolites. Importantly, using CQDs of varying sizes as hard templates, it was possible tosynthesize different zeolites with precise control over the size of mesopores. The prepared ZSM-۵ zeolites,showed excellent catalytic activities in the esterification of levulinic acid to alkyl levulinates.