A Review of Carbon Footprint Reduction Measures in Seaports

According to Objective ۱۳ of sustainable development goals (SDGs) about climate change [۱], addressing worldclimate change reduction actions is an essential issue. Likewise, the critical leading cause of climate change isgreenhouse gas (GHG) emission; and more than ۹۰% of GHG is carbon emission [۲]. In this study, carbon footprintreduction measures in seaports are to be reviewed. A recent health board study shows that emissions from seaportsand ships lead to about ۱۹,۰۰۰ annual lung cancer cases, while approximately ۶۰,۰۰۰ die every year fromconditions caused by pollutants [۳]. Carbon emissions from ships have increased gradually over time. They areestimated at circa ۲.۷% of total CO۲ emissions globally, and marine activities in seaports account for circa ۳% oftotal carbon emissions worldwide .]۴[Based on the United Nations’ annual review of maritime transport, the annual CO۲ emissions from maritimetransport are estimated to be about ۹۶۱ million tons of CO۲eq [۴]. Then paying attention to the reduction measuresof seaports’ carbon footprint as critical maritime infrastructure is essential because the intensive use of energy fromprimary sources has increased carbon emissions. Consequently, an all-out effort is needed to move towardsmitigating carbon emissions and limiting climate change effects .