Investigation nitrogen-doped carbon substrates with Urea/Ammonia sourcecomposite with Spinel structure as efficient cathodes in Magnesium-ionBatteries

Batteries are one of the technologies that have played an important role in the development ofhuman societies. Lithium-ion batteries have played a role as one of the main technologies in smartphones and electric cars for decades, but with the development and use of electronic resources, theneed for more powerful resources is felt [۱]. One of these technologies is multi-capacity batteriessuch as magnesium-ion batteries, which can be used as suitable candidates for post-lithium. Themain obstacle in the commercialization of these batteries is the lack of suitable cathodes thatfacilitate the insertion and extraction of magnesium ions [۲,۳]. One of the cathodes used is spineltype cathodes due to their abundance and easy synthesis. However, the low mechanical stabilityhas caused this type of cathodes to be made into composite with carbon substrates [۴]. In thisresearch, the carbon substrate used is reduced graphene oxide, which is synthesized with twodifferent nitrogen source materials in the form of reduced graphene oxide with nitrogen doping.Because nitrogen doping can reduce the structural defects of the carbon substrate and cause morestability of the composition, as well as a higher stability and capacity for the desired cathode. Thegalvanostatic charge and discharge test have shown that the carbon substrates used with the ureanitrogen source provided a better and higher solution in terms of stability and capacity than theammonia nitrogen source. The results are shown in Figure ۱. As can be seen in Figure ۱, at a currentdensity of ۵۰۰ mA.g-۱, the capacity of the cathode with nitrogen-doped carbon substrate with ureasource is ۲۲۰ mA.h.g-۱, while for nitrogen-doped carbon substrate with ammonia source thecapacity of ۱۲۰ mA.h.g-۱ has been achieved. In addition, higher stability is achieved through ureasource than ammonia.