Types of protection methods when faults occur in power distribution systems: A review

Under normal or safe operating conditions, electrical equipment in a power system network operates at rated voltage and current. When a fault occurs in a circuit or device, the voltage and current deviate from their nominal values. Error in the power system causes overcurrent, voltage drop, phase imbalance, power imbalance and sudden voltage shocks. These cases will cause an interruption in the normal operation of the network, equipment failure, fire, etc. Therefore, to prevent damage to various systems on the distribution side, multiple protective equipment such as relays, circuit breakers, and sectionners must be used. Therefore, it is inevitable to turn to protective methods so that the equipment is less damaged and the network is protected as much as possible. This article deals with various and effective methods that have recently been provided by researchers for minimal damage to the equipment and has presented their advantages.