Revisiting Squalli-Wilson’s Measure of Trade Openness in the Context of Services Trade
سال انتشار: 1400
نوع سند: مقاله ژورنالی
زبان: انگلیسی
مشاهده: 89
فایل این مقاله در 23 صفحه با فرمت PDF قابل دریافت می باشد
- صدور گواهی نمایه سازی
- من نویسنده این مقاله هستم
استخراج به نرم افزارهای پژوهشی:
شناسه ملی سند علمی:
JR_IER-25-4_008
تاریخ نمایه سازی: 21 مهر 1402
چکیده مقاله:
This study re-examines Squalli-Wilson's measure of trade openness from the perspective of services. An attempt was made to compose all modes of services supply to form a composite measure of service openness that has rarely been used in trade literature. A global sample comprising different regions based on cross-country data was applied to test the reliability of this measure using correlation coefficients, income, and environmental quality models. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Square (۲-SLS) Instrumental Variables approach were applied. Findings from the growth impact of trade are robust and consistent with prevailing literature supporting the positive impact of service trade on economic growth. However, our empirical estimate based on the two measures of environmental pollutants, shows that services openness reduces SO۲ and increases CO۲ emissions. These findings are consistent with most of the existing literature supporting the "gains from trade" hypothesis in the case of SO۲ and the "pollution havens” hypothesis in the case of CO۲ emissions. Nonetheless, the results provide further support in the context of services for the use of composite trade intensity proposed by Squalli-Wilson that not only considered trade/GDP ratio but also the relative importance of the country to the world trade. The inverted U-shaped EKC was also verified in both two measures of environmental pollutions. The policy implications of these findings are that care must be taken while increasing openness in areas of services to increase economic growth and to reduce the phenomenon of pollution haven in the case of CO۲ emissions.
کلیدواژه ها:
نویسندگان
Kabiru Ibrahim
Department of Economics, Faculty of Arts, Social and Management Sciences, Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Dyah Wulan Sari
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Rossanto Dwi Handoyo
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
مراجع و منابع این مقاله:
لیست زیر مراجع و منابع استفاده شده در این مقاله را نمایش می دهد. این مراجع به صورت کاملا ماشینی و بر اساس هوش مصنوعی استخراج شده اند و لذا ممکن است دارای اشکالاتی باشند که به مرور زمان دقت استخراج این محتوا افزایش می یابد. مراجعی که مقالات مربوط به آنها در سیویلیکا نمایه شده و پیدا شده اند، به خود مقاله لینک شده اند :