Genetic and molecular investigation oflung cancer

There is a lot of genetic variation in lung cancer, and these cancershave the highest number of genetic aberrations among alltumors. The understanding of the molecular biology of lungcancer has been revolutionized by next-generation sequencingtechnologies that provide a comprehensive tool to identify somaticchanges in the entire cancer genome or exome. Lung cancers have highly complex genomes, as recently demonstratedby a large-scale exome sequencing study of ۳۱ non-small celllung cancers (NSCLCs) that identified ۷۲۷ mutated genes. Therelative lack of frequent high-frequency mutations highlightsthe heterogeneity and complexity of the molecular biology oflung cancer, with common pathways affected by a range of differentgenetic alterations, posing a challenge to the delivery ofpersonalized medicine. The present study contributes by enhancingour knowledge of targetable molecular abnormalitiesin relation to lung carcinogens. Because a better understandingof the molecular pathology of lung cancer is very important forthe development of therapeutic strategies.Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancerdeath in the United States with ۱۵۷,۰۰۰ deaths annually, morethan deaths from other common cancers. The molecular basisof lung cancer is complex and heterogeneous. Improving ourunderstanding of molecular changes at multiple levels and theirfunctional significance can impact lung cancer diagnosis, prognosisand treatment. In this article, we review research relatedto understanding the molecular biology of lung cancer. Theprospects for lung cancer treatment have been promising in thepast ۱۰ years with the discovery of carcinogenic triggers thatare mainly activated by mutation, translocation, or fusion.Literature Review: To write this review article, about ۵۰ differentpapers have been studied in databases such as Pubmed,Research Gate, and Google Scholars. We have searched forsimilar keywords and titles to find related articles.Conclusion: Significant progress has been made to reduce theoccupational health risks associated with lung cancer, especiallysmoking, and to prevent various disorders. In recent decades,targeted therapy and immunotherapy have made a significantcontribution to improving the management of lung cancer. Inaddition, genetic tests and biomarkers help in the personalizedmanagement of different types of lung cancer. A personal orfamily history of lung cancer acts as a risk factor for a personto develop lung cancer. There are certain genes and chromosomesthat are associated with an increased risk of developinglung cancer. The present results provide novel evidence thatthe haplotype of TP۵۳ htSNPs and interaction between geneticvariation in TP۵۳ and CD۳EAP and smoking-duration may associatewith lung cancer risk, and provide additional evidenceof association between TP۵۳ htSNP haplotypes and long-termsmoking-related behavior. As more targeted therapy becomesavailable, extensive genetic analysis will become part of routinepathologic diagnosis in the future. Knowledge gained fromprevious studies should be understood as a foundation not onlyfor pathophysiology and treatment researchers, but also for pathologistsand oncologists involved in next-generation clinicalpractice.