The role of non-coding RNAs in resistanceof breast cancer to chemotherapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the most widespread malignancy amongwomen worldwide and the second cause of female mortalityafter lung cancer. The main way for BC treatment is chemotherapywhich enhances survival rates. Different classes of chemotherapydrugs for treatment of BC are grouped into taxanes(docetaxel, paclitaxel), platinum agents (carboplatin, cisplatin,oxaliplatin), pyrimidine analogs (۵-fluorouracil), anthracyclines(doxorubicin or adriamycin), and proteasome inhibitors.One of the major obstacles to effective chemotherapy is resistanceto chemotherapy drugs and this phenomenon is one of themain important reasons of relapse and mortality in BC patients.Non- coding RNAs such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAshave functions in resistance of BC patients to chemotherapy.Some mechanisms of chemoresistance mediated by non-codingRNAs are DNA damage repair, cell apoptosis, protective autophagy,the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process,cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, alteration of drug efflux, andepigenetic modification. We performed a comprehensive Pub-Med data mining and literature review to obtain articles aboutthe role of non-coding RNAs in chemoresistance of BC between۲۰۱۵ to ۲۰۲۲. Non-coding RNAs which have important rolesin resistance of BC to chemotherapy: ۱) resistance to doxorubicin(DOX) or adriamycin: upregulation of lncRNAs such asH۱۹, LINC۰۰۵۱۸, BORG, LINC۰۰۶۶۸, ARA, PANDA, downregulationof BC۰۳۲۵۸۵, MEG۳, EPB۴۱LA۴-AS۲, upregulationof miR-۱۲۵B۱, miR-۲۲۲, miR-۲۹ family, downregulationof circKDM۴C, and upregulation of hsa_circ_۰۰۸۵۱۳۱, hsa_circ_۰۰۹۲۲۷۶, circ_۰۰۸۵۴۹۵, circ_۰۰۰۱۶۶۷, and circ_۰۰۶۵۲۸;۲) resistance to cisplatin: upregulation of lncRNAs like NEAT۱,SNHG۱۵, and HCP۵; ۳) resistance to paclitaxel (PTX): upregulationof lncRNAs like NEAT۱, FTH۱P۳, CASC۲, LINC۰۰۵۱۱,downregulation of BC۰۳۲۵۸۵, downregulation of miR-۵۱۹۵-۳p, and upregulation of circAMOTL۱, and circ-RNF۱۱۱; ۴)resistance to docetaxel: downregulation of miRNAs like miR-۲۱۶a, miR-۱۲۴-۳p, miR-۱۴۸/۱۵۲, miR-۱۹۲-۵p, miR-۱۸۱c,miR-۳۸۱, and miR-۴۸۹, ۵) resistance to oxaliplatin: upregulationof circRNAs like circFAT۱; ۶) resistance to ۵-FU: upregulationof lncRNAs like NEAT۱, LINP۱, and PRLB. As a Conclusion:, non-coding RNAs can be used as potential therapeutictargets in BC. It is proved that targeting the specific biologicalmechanisms of resistance can overcome the resistance tochemotherapy