Biological Activity of Extract Solanum nigrum on some Biological Aspects of the Blue Fly Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The current research evaluated the efficiency of alcoholic and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and fruits of the Solanum nigrum and investigated their effectiveness against the immature stages of the blue fly with ۲۴-hour age at concentrations of ۵, ۱۰, ۱۵, ۲۰ mg/ml at the temperature of ۳۰±۱°C and relative humidity of ۶۰±۵%. It was revealed that the alcoholic extract of the fruits had the highest effect on killing the eggs of blue fly at all concentrations; accordingly, the death rates were estimated at ۸۹.۱۱% and ۴۲.۴۳% at the concentrations of ۵ and ۲۰ mg/ml, respectively, compared to that in the control, accounting for ۹.۲۷% mortality. It was also found that the alkaloid extract of the leaves of the plant outperformed in recording the highest rates of killing the eggs of blue fly, with death rates of ۸۸.۸۳% and ۳۱.۱۴% in the concentrations of ۵ and ۲۰ mg/ml, compared to the control group, amounting to ۱۰.۴۰%. Regarding the larval stages, the first stage was more sensitive than the other larval stages to all extracts of leaves and fruits of the plant. The highest mortality rates of the three larval stages were achieved by using the alcoholic extract of the fruits with the highest concentration of ۲۰ mg/ml, compared to the alcoholic extract of the leaves; accordingly, the death rates of the third larval stage reached the highest rates of ۵۷.۱۱%, ۶۸.۲۰%, and ۸۸.۶۹% for the alcoholic extract of fruits and ۵۳.۱۹%, ۶۸.۶۴%, and ۸۹.۱۱% for that of leaves. The recorded data showed that the alkaloid extract of the S. nigrum leaves led to the highest mortality rates, compared to the alkaloid extract of the fruits, for all larval instars and at all concentrations. The mortality rates of the third larval stage with the highest concentration were ۵۸.۱۳% and ۶۷.۶۴%, respectively. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the chemical compounds in the alcoholic and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and fruits showed the presence of chemical compounds of varying numbers. The numbers of chemical compounds in the alcoholic extract of the leaves and fruits were ۱۰ and ۹, respectively, while it reached ۱۷ and ۲۳ for the alkaloid extract of the leaves and fruits of the plant, respectively.