Toward a Sustainable Future: A Multifaceted comparative study of Renewable Energy and Fossil Fuels in Iran

Iran's energy sector faces a critical juncture as the country is faced with the need for sustainable development and the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review that compares renewable energies and fossil fuels, with a specific focus on electricity generation. The analysis considers various aspects, including technology, availability, economics, socio-economics, environment, and politics. The findings reveal a complex landscape, with strong arguments supporting both renewable energy and fossil fuels. While renewable energy offers promising environmental and sustainability benefits, it faces challenges related to technology maturity, infrastructure development, and investment requirements. Conversely, fossil fuels contribute to energy security and economic stability, but they come at the cost of environmental degradation and climate change. The paper concludes that the optimal path for Iran's energy sector is a balanced approach that prioritizes both renewable energy development and continued productivity in the petroleum industry. This strategy would allow for a gradual transition away from fossil fuels while ensuring energy security and economic stability. Impulsive decisions and hasty policy changes should be avoided to prevent negative consequences.