Antidiabetic and aldose reductase inhibitory potentials of Land caltrops aqueous extract in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is a late stage complication in diabetic patients and one which dramatically affects quality of life. Persistent hyperglycemia results in sorbitol accumulation due to increased activity of aldose reductase (AR), which leads to changes in membrane permeability and leakage of glutathione (GSH) from the lens which in turn results in the development of cataract and retinopathy. Hence, the present study was designed to assess the effect of Tribulus terrestris on AR activity and GSH level in diabetic rat lens, random blood glucose, hemoglobin A۱c (HbA۱c) and insulin. Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by intra-peritoneal (i.p) injection of streptozotocinnicotinamide (STZ-NA). Animals were divided into ۵ groups including normal controls (NC) treated with saline, untreated diabetic controls (DC), T. terrestris (۱۵۰ and ۳۰۰ mg/kg) and glibenclamide (۵۰۰ µg/kg) treated diabetic rats. After ۱۶ weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, the lens was removed through posterior approach and homogenate was prepared for AR activity estimation. The lens tissue homogenate was prepared in normal saline for the estimation of GSH. Blood glucose was estimated by glucometer, HbA۱c by nephelometry and insulin by ELISA kit. Results: AR activity was significantly reduced (P<۰.۰۰۴) in T. terrestris (both doses) treated groups compared to untreated diabetic controls. GSH levels were found significantly higher (P<۰.۰۰۵) in treated groups than the ones in diabetic controls. Glucose, HbA۱c and insulin were significantly improved (P<۰.۰۰۴) in plant extract treated groups when compared to untreated diabetic rats. Conclusion: Tribulus terrestris aqueous extract may be useful as AR inhibitor. It also has antioxidant and antidiabetic activities and thereby might be capable of controlling the hyperglycemia induced tissue damage.