Effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and putrescine on the morpho-physiological characteristics of triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) under salinity stress

In order to study the effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and putrescine on the morpho-physiological characteristics of triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) under salinity stress, an experimental as factorial was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil, during ۲۰۲۱–۲۰۲۲. The experimental factors were included salinity in three levels (no salinity as a control, ۶۰ and ۱۲۰ mM salinity from NaCl), biofertilizers in four levels (no application of biofertilizers as a control, application of vermicompost, Mycorrhiza, both applications of vermicompost and Mycorrhiza), and foliar application of putrescine (foliar application with water as a control, foliar application of ۰.۴ and ۰.۸ mM). The results showed that minimum of leaf electrical conductivity and minimum fluorescence were observed in the application of mycorrhiza with vermicompost and foliar application of ۰.۸ mM putrescine under no salinity conditions. Also, this treatment combination increased chlorophyll index (۴۰.۷۵%), relative water content (۳۷.۷%), stomatal conductance (۴۳.۸۵%), variable fluorescence (۱۲۰.۲۱%), maximum fluorescence (۴۵.۴۶%), quantum yield (۵۱.۳۷%), and grain yield (۳۸.۷%) in comparison with the no application of biofertilizers and putrescine under the highest salinity level (۱۲۰ mM). Based on the results, the application of biofertilizers (mycorrhiza and vermicompost) and putrescine can increase the grain yield of triticale under salinity stress due to improving chlorophyll fluorescence indices and other physiological traits.