The role of adipokines and gut hormones in the pathogenesis of obesity, and recent findings for the future treatment of obesity

Obesity has become one of the leading public health concern. Over one billion people are оverweight or obese and the prevalence of these conditions is growing constantly. This review presents an overview of the endocrine functions of adipose tissue, the role of gut hormones and their associated neuronal networks (the gut-brain axis) in appetite control. Recent studies have improved our understanding of energy homeostasis by identifying sophisticated neurohumoral networks that transmit signals between the brain and gut to control food intake. Key adipokines, such as, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, рlasminogen activator inhibitor-1, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, adipsin and acylation stimulating protein, macrophages and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plasma renin, plasma angiotensin - converting enzyme and angiotensinogen linked with pituitary neuropeptide system began to clarify. Gut hormones, such as, сholecystоkinin, ghrelin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, оxyntomodulin, ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, obestatin, amylin аre modulated by acute food ingestion. This article highlights some of the recent findings and their implications for the future treatment of obesity, but there are currently no effective pharmacological interventions for obesity.