Two-echelon vehicle routing problem with electrical vehicle and battery charging stations

This paper addresses a two-echelon vehicle routing problem involving electric vehicles with time windows and battery charging stations (۲E-EVRPTW-BCS), which aims at determining the delivery strategy under battery driving range and time windows for city logistics. Unilateral time window and lateral time window are considered to guarantee the timeliness of transportation. The network fleet consists of commercial vehicles based on internal combustion in the first echelon and electric vehicles in the second echelon. The electric vehicles operating at the second echelon have battery charging costs. A mathematical model is proposed which aims to minimize fixed and operating costs, including transportation costs and recharge costs and penalty cost.